Professor Havitz

Introduction My teaching and research interests focus on consumer behaviour, marketing, finance, and management. I have written or edited three books. In the mid-1990s I edited a book of case studies titled "Models of Change in Municipal Recreation" focussing on financing and marketing public park and recreation services. This book was published by Venture. In 2000, I co-authored with Troy Glover, various material and support material (Canadian-specific) related to John Crompton's 1999 public park and recreation finance text. Both the Crompton text and the Havitz and Glover supplement are available through Human Kinetics Publishing. My most recent book, co-authored with Peter Morden and Diane Samdahl, is titled "The diverse world of unemployed adults: Consequences for leisure, lifestyles, and well-being" and was published by Wilfrid Laurier University Press in 2004.

Most of my scholarly work, however, has been written for academic journals. About 60% of my refereed publications are related to one or more of three subjects; ego involvement, loyalty and commitment, and unresponsive/disenfranchised market segments (especially unemployed and low income groups). Just prior to constructing this Web site I was searching for a relatively obscure citation, written some twenty years ago and not on-line. I was frustrated because my colleague's Web site listed only a half a dozen recent publications and it took me several hours to track down the citation in question. Hence I have chosen to list here pretty much everything I've written for academic publication. If you're looking for something I've done, however obscure, it should be here!

Selected Publications    (click on the pictures for details)

Ego Involvement

Havitz, M. E., Kaczynski, A. T., & Mannell, R. C. (2013). Exploring relationships between physical activity, leisure involvement, self-efficacy, and motivation via participant segmentation. Leisure Sciences, 35, 45-62.

Dawson, J., Havitz M. E., & Scott, D. (2011). Behavioral adaption of alpine skiers to climate change: Examining activity involvement and place loyalty. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28, 388-404.

Kaplanidou, K., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). Exploring situational and enduring involvement of Olympic sport tourists: Does trip purpose matter? International Journal of Sport Marketing and Sponsorship, 11, 344-359.

Decloe, M. D., Kaczynski, A. T., & Havitz, M. E. (2009). Social participation, flow and situational involvement in physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 41, 73-90.

Brown, G. P., Havitz, M. E., & Getz, D. (2006). Relationships between wine involvement and wine-related tourism. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 21, 31-46.

Havitz, M. E., & Mannell, R. C. (2005). Enduring involvement, situational involvement, and flow in leisure and non-leisure activities. Journal Leisure Research, 37, 152-177.

Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31 , 122-149.

Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: Measurement advances and conceptual conundrums. Journal of Leisure Research , 29, 245-278.

Havitz, M. E., Dimanche, F., & Bogle, T. (1994). Segmenting the adult fitness market using involvement profiles. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 12(3), 38-56.

Havitz, M. E., Green, T. R., & McCarville, R. E. (1993). Testing the contextual stability of three involvement scales. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 18, 181-195.

Havitz, M. E., Dimanche, F., & Howard, D. R. (1993). A two-sample comparison of the Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) and Involvement Profile (IP) scales using selected recreation activities. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 17, 331-364.

Dimanche, F., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1993). Segmenting recreationists and tourists using involvement profiles. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 1(4), 33-52.

Madrigal, R., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1992). Married couples' involvement with family vacations. Leisure Sciences, 14, 285-299.

Dimanche, F., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1991). Testing the Involvement Profile (IP) scale in the context of selected recreational and touristic activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 51-66.

Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for guiding the empirical testing of the involvement construct in recreational and tourist contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12, 179-196.

Loyalty and Commitment

Tsang, W. K., & Havitz, M. E. (In Press). Impact of major life events on former athletes’ adult participation in running. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration (To be published in the special issue on leisure and transitions over the life span).

Snelgrove, R., Wood, L., & Havitz, M. E. (In press). Developing personal attachment to a physically active charity event. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing.

Snelgrove, R., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). Looking back in time: The pitfalls and potential of retrospective methods in leisure studies. Leisure Sciences, 32, 337-351.

Guttentag, D. A., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). The role of superstition as a personal moderator in the development of behavioral loyalty to and within casinos. Leisure/loisir, 34, 1-25.

Bee, C. C., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). Exploring the relationship between involvement, fan attraction, psychological commitment, and behavioral loyalty in a sport spectator context. International Journal of Sport Marketing & Sponsorship, 11, 140-157.

Kyle, G. T., Mowen, A. J., Absher, J. D., & Havitz, M. E. (2006). Commitment to public leisure services providers: A conceptual and psychometric analysis. Journal of Leisure Research, 38, 78-103.

Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining relationships between leisure involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty to a recreation agency. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 45-72.

Pritchard, M. P., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1999). Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 333-348.

Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A path analytic model of relationships between involvement, psychological commitment, and loyalty. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 256-280.

Gahwiler, P., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). Toward a relational understanding of leisure social worlds, involvement, psychological commitment, and behavioral loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 20, 1-23.

Bogle, T., Havitz, M.E., & Dimanche, F. (1992). Sector biases in adults' recreation fitness facility selection. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 10(3), 49-74.

Pritchard, M. P., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1992). Loyalty measurement: A critical examination and theoretical extension. Leisure Sciences , 14, 155-164.

Havitz, M. E. (1991). Measuring sector bias in recreation participants. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 9(4), 1-17.

Havitz, M. E., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). The influence of persuasive messages on propensity to purchase selected recreational services from public and commercial suppliers. Journal of Leisure Research, 22 , 71-88.

Havitz, M. E. (1989). The empirical development of a taxonomy for classifying recreation participants based on their attitudes toward the public and commercial sectors. Leisure Sciences, 11(3), 229-243.

Havitz, M. E. (1989). An analysis of preferences for commercial sector and public sector alternatives for two recreation activities. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 7(3), 23-32.

Havitz, M. E. (1989, December). The marketing implications of consumer attitudes toward commercial and public sector recreation services. American Fitness.

Havitz, M. E. (1987). Propositions for use in comparing consumer images of private and public recreation facilities. Visions in Leisure and Business , 5(4), 37-44.

Unresponsive/disenfranchised Market Segments

Barber, N., & Havitz, M. E. (2001). Canadian participation rates in ten sport and fitness activities. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 51-76.

Wiley, C. G. A. E., Shaw, S. M., & Havitz, M. E. (2000). Men’s and women’s involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement. Leisure Sciences, 22, 19-31.

Emmett, J. L., Havitz, M. E., & McCarville, R. E. (1996). A price subsidy policy for socio-economically disadvantaged recreation participants. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 14(1), 62-79.

Frederick, C. J., Havitz, M. E., & Shaw, S. M. (1994). Social comparison in aerobic exercise classes: Propositions for analysing motives and participation. Leisure Sciences, 16, 161-176.

Spigner, C., & Havitz, M. E. (1993). Health, recreation, and the unemployed: An interactive model. International Quarterly of Community Health Education , 13, 31-45.

Havitz, M. E., & Spigner, C. (1992). Access to leisure services for the unemployed: A preliminary analysis. The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 63(4), 41-44.

McCarville, R. E., Havitz, M. E., & Johnson Tew, P.(1999). Discounts for older adults: The future promises many questions but few easy answers. Parks and Recreation Canada, 57(2), 12-13.

Pesavento Raymond, L. C., & Havitz, M. E. (1995). Validation of the impact of recreation for the unemployed. Illinois Parks and Recreation , 26(3), 43-45.

Spigner, C., & Havitz, M. E. (1993). Social marketing or social justice: A dialogue on access to recreation for the unemployed. Parks and Recreation , 28(11), 51-57.

Spigner, C., & Havitz, M. E. (1992). Access to recreation activities by the unemployed: Implications for Public Health. Journal of Recreation and Leisure, 12(1), 106-123.

Marketing and Consumer Behaviour

Havitz, M. E., McLean, D. J., & Adkins, K. D. (2008). The influence of market segment information on professionals’ demarketing preferences for municipal golf services. Leisure/loisir, 32, 573-592.

Johnson, A. J., Johnson Tew, C. P. F., & Havitz, M. E. (2008). Public opinions of advertising by municipal leisure service agencies. Leisure/loisir, 32, 91-115.

Kaczynski, A. T., Havitz, M. E., & McCarville, R. E. (2005). Altering perceptions through repositioning: An exercise in framing. Leisure Sciences, 27, 241-261 .

Pritchard, M. P., & Havitz, M. E. (2006). Tourism destination appraisal: A content analysis of critical incidents. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 25-46.

Links:     Table 3, Sample destination comments related to infrastructure
              Table 4, Sample destination comments related to environment

McLean, D. J., Havitz, M. E., & Adkins, K. D. (2002). Demarketing leisure services: The case of municipal golf courses. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 20(2), 90-110.

Johnson Tew, C. P., & Havitz, M. E. (2002). Improving our communication: A comparison of four promotion techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 20(1), 76-96.

Kaczynski, A., & Havitz, M. E. (2001). Relational benefits in recreation services: Examining differences across operating sectors. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(2), 20-42. 

Jiang, J., Havitz, M. E., & O’Brien, R. M. (2000). Validating the International Tourist Role (ITR) Scale as a tourism marketing tool. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 964-981.

Havitz, M. E. (2000). Marketing public leisure services: Some (temporarily) pessimistic perspectives from an unrepentant optimist. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 42-48.

Johnson Tew, C. P., Havitz, M. E., & McCarville, R. E. (1999). Origins of municipal programming decisions: A challenge to conventional wisdom. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 17(1), 1-20.

Dimanche, F., & Havitz, M. E. (1994). Consumer behavior and tourism: Review and extension of four study areas. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 3(3), 37-57.

Mo, C., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1994). Segmenting travel markets with the International Travel Role (ITR) scale. Journal of Travel Research , 33(1), 24-31.

Mo, C., Howard, D.R., & Havitz, M.E. (1993). Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(2), 319-335.

Sherman, J. S., & Havitz, M. E. (1991). Introducing an innovative recreational facility: Lessons from a success. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 9(3), 29-40.

Crompton, J. L., & Havitz, M. E. (1987). A recreation project that was rejected: Lessons from a failure. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 5(2), 10-26.

Havitz, M. E., & Fridgen, J. D. (1986). Applying market research findings: The case of an urban canoe livery. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 3(4), 31-43.

Johnson Tew, P., Havitz, M. E., & McCarville, R. E. (1999). Current trends in the pricing and marketing of public leisure services. Parks and Recreation Canada, 57(2), 10-11.

Havitz M. E. (1988). Marketing is not synonymous with commercialism. Parks and Recreation, 23(5), 34-36.

Finance

Havitz, M. E., & Glover, T. D. (2001). Financing and acquiring public park, recreation and open space resources in Canada [On-line]. Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL.

Havitz, M. E. (1995). Models of change in municipal parks and recreation: A book of innovative case studies. State College, PA: Venture.

Budgeting Processes. In J. L. Crompton, (1999), Financing and acquiring park and recreation resources (pp. 55-82). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Contracting Out Services. In J. L. Crompton, (1999), Financing and acquiring park and recreation resources (pp. 229-264). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Family Leisure

Hilbrecht, M., Shaw, S. M., Delamere, F., & Havitz, M. E. (2008). Experiences, perspectives and meanings of family vacations for children. Leisure/loisir, 32, 541-571.

Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delamere, F. (2008). “I decided to invest in my kids’ memories”: Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13-26.

Havitz, M. E. (2007).  A host, a guest, and our lifetime relationship: another hour with Grandma Havitz. Leisure Sciences, 29, 131-141. On-line narrative available at: http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~mhavitz/grandma/presentation.html

Other Topics

Governance

Potwarka, L R., Havitz, M. E., & Glover, T. D. (In Press). Relationships among producer exposure, producer bias, and citizenship orientations in the context of public recreation service delivery. Loisir et Société (Society and Leisure). (To be published in the special issue on the democratic universe of leisure).

Eagles, P. F. J., Romagosa, F., Buteau-Duitschaever, W. C., Havitz, M. E., Troy Glover, T. D., & McCutcheon, B. (2013). Good governance in protected areas. Evaluation of stakeholders’ perceptions in British Columbia and Ontario Provincial Parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21, 60-79.

Eagles, P. F. J., Buteau-Duitschaever, W. C., Rattan, J., Havitz, M. E., Glover, T. D., Romagosa, F., & McCutcheon, B. (2012). Non-government-organization members’ perceptions of governance: a comparison between Ontario and British Columbia Provincial Parks management models. Leisure/loisir, 36, 269-287.

Eagles, P. F. J., Buteau-Duitschaever, W., McCutcheon, B. L., Havitz, M. E., Glover, T. D. (2011). Park staff members' perceptions of governance: A comparison between private sector and parastatal management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 29(4), 1-19.

Buteau-Duitschaever, W. C., McCutcheon, B., Eagles, P. F. J., Havitz, M. E., & Glover, T. D. (2010). Park visitors’ perceptions of governance: A comparison between Ontario and British Columbia Provincial Parks management models. Journal of Tourism Review, 65(4), 31-50.

Eagles, P. F. J., Havitz, M. E., Glover, T. D., McCutcheon, B. L. & Buteau-Duitschaever, W. (2010). The perceived implications of an outsourcing model on governance within British Columbia Provincial Parks in Canada: A quantitative study. Environmental Management, 45, 1244-1256.

Miscellaneous

Havitz, M. E., & Zemper, E. D. (2013). “Worked out in infinite detail”: Michigan State’s Lauren P. Brown and the nationalization of intercollegiate cross country. Michigan Historical Review, 39, 1-39.

Banyai, M., & Havitz, M. E. (2013). Analyzing travel blogs using a realist evaluation approach. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 22, 229-241.

Kaczynski, A. T., & Havitz, M. E. (2009). Examining the relationship between proximal park features and residents’ physical activity in neighborhood parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 27(3), 42-58.

Havitz, M. E., & Floyd, M. F. (2002). Summit meeting: Highlights from the 2001 Leisure Research Symposium in Denver, CO. Parks and Recreation, 37(9), 31-44.

Havitz, M. E., & Samdahl, D. M. (2001). Crossing boundaries: Some highlights from the 2000 Leisure Research Symposium. Parks and Recreation, 36 (4), 30-43.

Havitz, M. E., & Floyd, M. F. (2001). Abstracts from the 2001 Symposium on Leisure Research. Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.

Howard, D. R., Havitz, M. E., Lankford, S. V., & Dimanche, F. (1992). A panel survey of elapsed time response error in travel spending measurement. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 1(1), 39-50.

Havitz, M. E., Twynam, G. D., & DeLorenzo, J. M. (1991). Importance-performance analysis as a staff evaluation tool. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 9(1), 43-54.

Howard, D. R., Lankford, S. V., & Havitz, M. E. (1991). A method for authenticating pleasure travel expenditures. Journal of Travel Research , 29(4), 19-23.

Havitz, M. E., & Sell, J. A. (1991). The experimental method and leisure/recreation research: Promoting a more active role. Loisir et Société (Society and Leisure), 14(1), 47-68.

Havitz, M. E. (1992). Conference Report, 1991 Symposium on Leisure Research. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), 99-105.

Havitz, M. E. (1991). Read this stuff ... Please! Parks and Recreation , 26(9), 28-40.

Havitz, M. E., & Crompton, J. L. (1987). The use of low power radio broadcasts to promote recreation programs. Parks and Recreation , 22(2), 56-59, 75.

Economic Considerations. In H. D. Sessoms & K. A. Henderson, (1994). Leisure Services (7th ed.). State College, PA: Venture.

Commercial Recreation Sector. In H. D. Sessoms & K. A. Henderson, (1994). Leisure Services (7th ed.). State College, PA: Venture.

On Fudgies, Fishing and Track Meets: Some Thoughts on Leisure Travel and Travel Research. In J. B. Zeiger & L. E. Caneday (Eds.), (1991) Tourism and Leisure: Dynamics and Diversity (pp. 41-51). Arlington, VA: NRPA Publications.

CMOC
Last updated: 28 February 2014